On Saturday, when Carnegie Mellon's robotic Chevy Tahoe, known as "Boss," rolled across the finish line of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Urban Challenge in Victorville, Calif., after 60 miles of urban driving, no driver stepped out to be showered with champagne and photographs. In fact, Boss had flawlessly accomplished the 19 missions given to the 11 finalist robots in the competition--parking at precise locations, negotiating a mix of onroad and offroad driving, and avoiding the other robotic and manned cars that roamed the streets of an abandoned airforce base--all without a human behind the wheel.
"This is a wonderful day in the history of robotics," Carnegie Mellon team leader Red Whittaker said after the race. "It's as good as it gets."
,CMU's Tartan Racing took home $2 million for first place in DARPA's Urban Challenge--a test of driverless cars on urban streets here at the former George Air Force Base in Southern California's Mojave Desert. By doing so, the team regained its pride after two stinging race defeats in 2004 and 2005. And it stole some glory back from 2005's winner, Stanford University, in tackling what was effectively a harder challenge this year. (Stanford claimed the second prize of $1 million this year.)
Apart from a little competitive drama and at least one robot wreck, the DARPA Urban Challenge produced a more important win for robotics this year, one that everyone from Whitaker to Stanford's team leader Sebastian Thrun pointed out at the race Saturday. That was simply that the competition seeded the idea in people's minds that self-driving cars are possible. Moreover, proponents say the underlying technology will pave the way for a new generation of cars that will help save lives, either through assisted-driving applications for civilian cars or fully autonomous vehicles for the military,
Planet Hunting: Find Neptune and Uranus
Most people have seen the five brightest naked-eye planets, yet there is a sixth planet that can be spied without optical aid and another which can be picked up using just a good pair of binoculars.
You'll have to know exactly where to look for them, though.
Fortunately, both are currently well placed for viewing in our evening sky and with the bright moon out of the way this week, it will be a good time to search for them.
Uranus
Barely visible to the unaided eye on very dark, clear nights, the planet Uranus is now visible during the evening hours among the stars of Aquarius, the Water Carrier. It is best to study a sky map first, and then scan that region with binoculars. Using a magnification of 150-power with a telescope of at least three-inch aperture, you should be able to resolve it into a tiny, pale-green featureless disk.
Uranus, which lies at a mean distance of 1.8 billion miles (2.9 million kilometers) from the sun, has a diameter of about 31,800 miles (51,100 kilometers). At last count, Uranus has 27 moons, all in orbits lying in the planet's equator in which there is also a complex of nine narrow, nearly opaque rings, which were discovered in 1978. Uranus has a rocky core, surrounded by a liquid mantle of water, methane, and ammonia, encased in an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium.
A bizarre feature of the planet is how far Uranus is tipped. Its north pole lies 98 degrees from a perpendicular to its orbit plane. Thus, its seasons are extreme: when the sun rises at its north pole, it stays up for 42 Earth-years; then it sets and the north pole is in darkness for 42 Earth-years.
Sir William Herschel discovered Uranus on March 13, 1781, noting that it was moving slowly through the constellation Gemini. Initially, however, Herschel thought he had discovered a new comet.
Neptune
Neptune, on the other hand, is much too faint to be viewed with the unaided eye, lying at a mean distance from the sun of 2.8 billion miles (4.5 billion kilometers). It is slightly smaller than Uranus, with a diameter of 30,800 miles (49,600 kilometers).
Neptune is about seven times dimmer than Uranus, but if you have access to a dark, clear sky and carefully examine our map, you should have no trouble in finding it with a good pair of binoculars. Neptune can be found among the stars of Capricornus, the Sea Goat. With a telescope, trying to resolve Neptune into a disk will be more difficult than it is with Uranus. You're going to need at least a four-inch telescope with a magnification of no less than 200-power, just to turn Neptune into a tiny blue dot of light.
Voyager 2 passed Neptune in 1989 and showed it to possess a deep-blue atmosphere, with rapidly moving wisps of white clouds as well as a Great Dark Spot, rather similar in nature to Jupiter's famous Great Red Spot.
Voyager 2 also revealed the existence of at least three rings around Neptune, composed of very fine particles.
Neptune has 13 moons, one of which, Triton, has a tenuous atmosphere of nitrogen and at nearly 1,700 miles (2,700 kilometers) in diameter, is larger than Pluto.
Neptune's discovery came about from long-term observations of Uranus. It seemed to astronomers that some unknown body was somehow perturbing Uranus' orbit.
In 1846, two astronomers, Urbain J.J. Leverrier (1811-1877) of France and John Couch Adams (1819-1892) of England, were independently working on this problem. Neither knew what the other was doing, but ultimately, both men had figured out the probable path of the supposed object that was disturbing the orbit of Uranus. Both believed that the unseen body was then in the constellation of Aquarius. Adams was a student at Cambridge University, England, and he sent his results to Sir George Airy (1801-1892), the Astronomer Royal, with specific instructions of where to look for it.
For some unknown reason Airy delayed a year before starting the search. In the meantime, Leverrier wrote to the Berlin Observatory requesting that they search in the place his observations directed. Johann Galle and Heinrich d'Arrest at Berlin did exactly as instructed, and found the new planet in less than an hour.
Still, the drama of the competition was largely between CMU and Stanford.
In 2004, CMU was pegged the favorite in DARPA's first-ever challenge of autonomous driving vehicles, given that the expertise of the university's robotics department and professor Whittaker. But CMU's autonomous car spun its wheels after only 7 miles on the 142-mile desert course, leaving no winner that year.
In 2005, CMU returned to the Grand Challenge more determined than ever with two race vehicles, heavily outfitted and modified Hummers. However, technical problems with the vehicles brought CMU defeat, and Stanford's team led by Thrun--the former protege of Whittaker--claimed the $1 million prize as a first-time entrant in the race.
Stanford also garnered global attention for accomplishing what hadn't been done before: engineering a car to drive itself more than 132 miles in the desert in less than 10 hours. It's rumored that after the race, CMU's team threw darts at a picture of Stanford's robot, Stanley.
This year, Whittaker's team will be remembered for engineering a robot that could master basic traffic rules while driving among other robots.
One race veteran put it like this: "Competition is huge for this event. The spirit of competition focuses everyone to solve the problem at hand."
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